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                <text>Herat, Herat Province, Afghanistan</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Great Mosque of Herat consists of a four-iwan courtyard design which uses brick construction and blue and turquoise glazed tiles to create star patterns and calligraphic and arabesque designs on its exterior walls. The northern iwan leads visitors to the open courtyard which leads to prayer halls with vaulted roofs and domed chambers that experience changing light effects between outdoor brightness and indoor dimness. The mosque serves religious purposes through mathematical ornamentation which directs worshippers to prayer areas while displaying political and cultural power through its large tile decorations. The mosque maintains its status as a living heritage site through its traditional color scheme and geometric designs which were restored during the twentieth century.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Mursal Abdullah</text>
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                <text>Golombek, L. and Wilber, D. (1988) The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</text>
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                <text>Kuehn, S. (2005) ‘Timurid Religious Architecture’, Muqarnas, 22, pp. 155–178.</text>
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                <text>Archnet (n.d.) Great Mosque of Herat. Available at: https://archnet.org/ (Accessed: [December 1, 2025]).</text>
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                <text>Image 1: By Andrew Moore from Johannesburg, South Africa - Conical Tower - Great Enclosure III, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82748017</text>
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                <text>Blair, S. (2004) Timurid Architecture and Its Decoration. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</text>
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                <text>Archnet (n.d.) Haji Yakoub Mosque, Dushanbe. Available at: https://archnet.org/ (Accessed: [December 2, 2025]).</text>
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                <text>Yalcin, R. (2012). Contemporary Mosque Architecture in Central Asia. Istanbul: ISAM Publications.</text>
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                <text>Original construction: 1333 by Akamatsu Norimura</text>
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                <text>Expanded: 1581 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi</text>
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                <text>Completed: 1609 by Ikeda Terumasa </text>
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                <text> Edo Period, Japan</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Formal Description A beautiful, fascinating house that looks like it is standing tall right in the sky above all other houses, like it is floating in the sky like clouds without any base. Makes you wonder what it feels like to be up there. This house has many layers of walls, and the gates that surround the central tower. The layout is fascinating but also complicated and mysterious. It feels like a maze. It is mostly designed to confuse enemies. The paths of the house are twisted and turned, leading uphill through courtyards, towers, and narrow passageways. Each area is built to slow down attackers and protect the center. The highest tower is &lt;span&gt;152&lt;/span&gt; feet tall. From the outside, it looks like it has five levels, but actually it has six levels inside and also a basement. Each level gets smaller as it goes up. The entrance of the house is made up of a large wooden gate at the very bottom of the hill. It moves through the paths and multiple gates, which lead to the main tower. The building material is a wooden post and lintel structure. Beams and columns support each floor. There are no vaults or domes, just stacked wooden levels with steep tiled roofs. The Surfaces are smooth white plaster over wood and stone. Roofs have repeating curved tiles and family crest tiles at the edges. Decorations are simple but elegant, with fish-shaped roof ornaments for protection. The light of this house comes through small windows and slits in the walls. The house is made of wood, stone, and white plaster. The base is made from a strong stone, and the towers and walls are mostly made out of wood, with plaster to help prevent fire.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Contemporary Resonance or Reflection Today, this house is a rare example of a large wooden structure that has survived for centuries, so it raises questions about how this building has lived for centuries that not even in modern times, with a lot of technology, we are unable to build such a building. It also reminds us to think about how power and beauty were shown through architecture, and how a design and an idea will still live on even after the architect dies.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1993)</text>
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                <text>National Treasure of Japan</text>
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                <text>Coaldrake, William H. Architecture and Authority in Japan. Routledge, 1996.</text>
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                <text>Azuchi-Momoyama Style</text>
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