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                <text>Suzhou, Jiangsu, China</text>
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                <text>Shanghai Construction Group - Construction</text>
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                    <text>Plan of House R2 (Tang R2)  End of the First Century BC (Fig. 1)</text>
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                    <text>Adapted from Mar and Ruiiz de Arbulo</text>
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                    <text>Mar, R. &amp; Ruiz de Arbulo, J., 1993. Ampurias Romana: Historia, Arquitectura y Arqueología. Sabadell: Editorial Ausa</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>House R2 (Tang R2)</text>
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                <text>Empúries (L’Escala), Catalonia, Spain</text>
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                <text>First phase: 1st quarter of the 1st century BC (begun)</text>
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                <text>Second phase: 2nd third of the 1st century BC (expansion)</text>
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                <text>Mursal Abdullah</text>
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                <text>Early Roman Empire (1st c. BC – 2nd c. AD)</text>
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                <text>Latitude: 42.1307° N&#13;
Longitude: 3.1185° E</text>
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                <text>Stone masonry</text>
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                <text>Stucco</text>
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                <text>Marble architectural elements</text>
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                <text>Mortar</text>
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                <text>Painted plaster</text>
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                <text>Tile roofing</text>
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            <name>Extent</name>
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                <text>Large elite Roman domus with multiple construction phases;</text>
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                <text>Two horti</text>
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                <text>Two peristyle gardens</text>
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                <text>Extended eastern wings. Approx. 400 m² main peristyle garden in Phase 2</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1756">
                <text>Roman domus with atrium(s) and peristyles</text>
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                <text>Domestic / Elite residential</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1758">
                <text>Adapted images and plans from Mar and Ruiz de Arbulo, Ampurias Romana (1993).</text>
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                <text>Adapted from Tang, Delos, Carthage, Ampurias (2005</text>
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            <name>License</name>
            <description>A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1760">
                <text>Image 1: Creative Commons</text>
              </elementText>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1761">
                <text>Tang, B. Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: The Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centers. Bretschneider, Rome, 2005.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1762">
                <text>Ripio Perelló, E. Ampurias: Itinerary-Guide. Instituto de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Barcelona, 1972.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1763">
                <text>Mar, R., and J. Ruíz de Arbulo. Ampurias Romana. Editorial Ausa, Sabadell, 1993.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1764">
                <text>Balil Iliana, A. "Casa y urbanismo en la España antigua. Casa familiar y vivienda colectiva en la España romana." Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología XXXVIII, 1973, 101–102.</text>
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                <text>Aquilué, X., and J. Ruíz de Arbulo. La jardinería en la época antigua. Historia de los Parques y Jardines en España. Madrid, 2001.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;House R2 is a richly layered Roman residence shaped by four major construction phases that expanded its footprint and transformed its gardens from simple horti into elaborate peristyle landscapes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The house demonstrates how domestic architecture in Emporiae adapted to shifting social needs, urban boundaries, and elite display culture. Notes include building evolution, garden features, porticoes, and eastern expansions, based on Tang’s phasing and archaeological plans.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;House R2 (Tang R2) is an elite Roman domus in the Roman City of Emporiae, located near the forum. The building shows four major construction phases, which can be clearly understood through its plan and surviving architectural features. By comparing the archaeological drawings with the 3D reconstructions and excavation photographs, the transformation from two smaller atrium houses into one large, luxurious residence becomes visible.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In the earliest phase (early 1st century BC), the property consisted of two separate houses, each with a central atrium opening to the western cardo and a simple rear garden (hortus). The layout at this stage is compact and symmetrical, following the typical Italic atrium-house model. In the second phase, one house (R2A) expanded dramatically by consuming both original gardens, extending eastward beyond the city wall, and adding a spacious 400 m² peristyle garden surrounded by porticoes. The rooms along this garden show a shift toward openness, natural light, and elite display culture.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The later phases reveal further architectural refinement. The former hortus of the second house (R2B) was converted into another peristyle garden (35a) with porticoes on three sides and a curved wall with window openings toward the garden, an unusual and elegant feature visible in Tang’s reconstruction. The addition of a bath suite on the west and a monumental eastern hall (room 46) in the final phase demonstrates increasing wealth and a move toward villa-like comfort. The plans show extended porticoes forming wind protection, and the small painted altar with a serpent and cock suggests domestic cult activity tied to the garden spaces.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;From visual study of the plans, images, and garden reconstructions, House R2 can be understood as a residence that gradually evolved into a highly designed architectural environment where gardens, porticoes, and interior suites were integrated into a unified elite lifestyle.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Plan of Villa el Santiscal, Gorges, Planche LXIII</text>
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                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="1713">
                    <text>Gorges, J.-G. (1979) Les Villas hispano-romaines : inventaire et problématique archéologiques. dissertation. Université de Bordeaux III, Centre Pierre Paris ; Diffusion E. de Boccard.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Villa el Santiscal</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Alyson Schruefer</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Hispania Baetica, Arcos de la Frontera</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>unspecified</text>
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                <text>Roman Empire</text>
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                <text>Garden</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This rich country villa on the left bank of the Guadalete River was begun in the first century and continued in use through the fourth century with its heyday in the third century AD.  Figured mosaics found in the nineteenth century are now lost. Partial excavations around 1965 disclosed a villa built around a central peristyle (14 x 10 m) with a garden in the center. A rill pool ran around the outside of the garden. On each side there was a fountain and semicircular extension of the pool into the planting area of the garden.</text>
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                <text>Image 1: Creative Commons</text>
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                <text>Denny, Walter B. Yeni Valide Mosque at Eminönü. 1597-1603; 1661-3. JSTOR, https://jstor.org/stable/community.14501328. Accessed 13 Nov. 2025.</text>
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                    <text>Fig. 13. Sector of the village revealed by Fernández Castro, 1982: fig. 46.</text>
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                    <text>Adapted from de Palol, p. 81.</text>
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