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                <text>Alexandria Bibliotheca</text>
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                <text>Alexandria Egypt</text>
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                <text>Architects are the Snøhetta, a Norwegian architecture firm</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;The Bibliotheca Alexandria is a multifunctional cultural and educational complex that is located in Alexandria, Egypt. The building spans 160 meters in diameter and is 32 meters tall, and it extends 12 meters underground. An open plaza and a pool surround the building, and a bridge connects it to the city adjacent to the University of Alexandria. The exterior wall of the building comprises nearly 6,000 square meters of hand-carved stone, engraved with letters, alphabets, and symbols from over 120 world languages. The unique shape and large size of the building make it look like an important symbol of Egypt. The exterior is inspired by the Hellenistic architecture style which is a style known for it's large, detailed complex structures. This style also depended on the point of view of the viewer and wanted to give a theatrical experince to a viewer to make it known that the building is significant. The Alexandria Bibliotheca follows this style by having with the long sequence of columns at the entrance of the building, including the courtyards outside the building and porch at the entrance of the building. The interior is designed with tall columns with a large glass ceiling that provides a natural light. The Alexandria Bibliotheca is a space used for lectures, museums, galleries,exhibition halls, auditoriums, and it's used for conferences as well. The vast amount of book sheleves and computers inside the building gives the idea that this is a building that is used for research and studying.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Stanley Ojibeka</text>
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                <text>The Alexandria Bibliotheca was built in a Contemporary Egyptian style</text>
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                <text>Image 1: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/mediterranean-coast/alexandria/attractions/bibliotheca-alexandrina/a/poi-sig/1136427/355232&#13;
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                <text>Tianjin Binhai Library</text>
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                <text>Begun: 2015</text>
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                <text>Architect: MVRDV (Rotterdam-based architecture firm)</text>
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                <text>Latitude: 39.0381° N&#13;
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                <text>33,700 square meters (approximately 362,700 square feet)</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Tianjin Binhai Library stands as a contemporary public structure situated within the Binhai district of Tianjin, China. The Dutch architectural firm MVRDV collaborated with the Tianjin Urban Planning and Design Institute to create this building, which finished its construction in 2017. The building design features a rectangular floor plan that extends to five stories, while its main attraction is the "Eye" auditorium that glows from within. The building's glass exterior lets natural light enter the main hall while showing off the curved design of its interior. The interior design features continuous white shelves that create wave-like walls, which function as both stairs and seating areas while surrounding the central sphere. The open design of the space enables visitors to move freely between reading and meeting areas, which lack defined separation points. The building structure incorporates reinforced concrete and steel, and glass materials to achieve its smooth white surfaces, which generate a clean and bright environment. The glass walls and skylights allow natural light to enter, which produces gentle shadows that emphasize the curved lines of the interior design. The building achieves a harmonious fusion of futuristic design with peaceful ambiance through its combination of architectural elements and sculptural features. The design transforms traditional library spaces into interactive spaces that combine visual and social elements. The "Eye" serves as a symbol that represents both vision and knowledge, and discovery. The flowing shelves in the design represent the natural flow of knowledge and information. The building design promotes exploration instead of silence because learning in today's world requires active participation and shared knowledge. The building demonstrates China's dedication to cultural development and educational progress, and technological advancement. The Tianjin Binhai Library has achieved status as a worldwide symbol of contemporary architectural design. The building's striking design draws numerous visitors and photographers who demonstrate how public architecture can generate public interest and national pride. The building sparks debate about library design priorities between visual appeal and operational needs, while demonstrating that architectural design needs to unite aesthetic value with practicality and meaningful purpose.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Located within the Tianjin Binhai Cultural Center complex</text>
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                <text>Image 1: MVRDV-Tianjin-Library-12-©-Ossip-van-Duivenbode.jpg https://i0.wp.com/archeyes.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/MVRDV-Tianjin-Library-12-©-Ossip-van-Duivenbode.jpg?ssl=1</text>
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                <text>mage 1: Creative Commons</text>
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                <text>mage 2: Creative Commons</text>
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                <text>mage 3: Creative Commons</text>
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                <text>Mursal Abdullah</text>
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                <text>“The Tianjin Binhai Library by MVRDV: Fusing Culture &amp; Architecture.” ArchEyes, 29 June 2023.https://archeyes.com/the-tianjin-binhai-library-by-mvrdv-fusing-culture-architecture/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</text>
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                <text>“Tianjin Binhai Library / MVRDV + Tianjin Urban Planning and Design Institute.” ArchDaily, 2 Nov. 2017.https://www.archdaily.com/882819/tianjin-binhai-library-mvrdv-plus-tianjin-urban-planning-and-design-institute?utm_source=chatgpt.com</text>
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                <text>MVRDV. “Tianjin Binhai Library.” MVRDV, 2017. https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/246/tianjin-binhai-library</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Tianjin Binhai Library serves as a modern Chinese urban architectural symbol that unites cultural progress with advanced architectural concepts.(Mursal)&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Binhai Cultural Center master plan included the three-year construction of this library design. The central "Eye" serves dual purposes as a design centerpiece and community area, which reflects MVRDV's vision of libraries as active public spaces instead of traditional silent repositories.(Mursal)&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Alyson Schruefer</text>
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                <text>David Childs</text>
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                <text>200-foot (61 m) square footprint; Area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2).</text>
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                <text>Cornerstone laid July 4, 2004</text>
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                <text>After delays construction began on January 2008</text>
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                <text>The September 1st  attacks to this day remain one of the most violent terrorist attacks ever experienced on American soil. This attack stays so vividly in minds not only for the loss of life but what committing an attack on the U.S means to it’s civilians. 2,977 lives were forever memorialized in Ground Zero. While the buildings such as the One World Trade Center stand in remembrance, the center itself pays respects in a multitude of ways that have been personalized to the people of Lower Manhattan. &#13;
&#13;
Made up of multiple buildings throughout the plaza Ground Zero and One world Trade structure itself stand as memorial and publicly accessible location. On level stands the heavily dense forested  memorial site in which the foot print of the original towers stood. Now a square falling fountain, the flowing water creates a auditorial seclusion in which one can experience. Fittingly named Reflecting Absence.&#13;
&#13;
The One World Trade center maintains 86 usable floors specificized for office  work. From floors 20 to 90, with a few lounges and other recreational locations. Otherwise the building maintains a public observatory in which the public can view New York from the highest building. Heavy precaution is take in security and defense around this building due to the sensitivity of the topic and location.   &#13;
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                <text>The Railroad station’s façade is richly framed: it faces Main Street at a lower elevation, to what looks like it shows two stories there, but on the trackside (where the land slopes) it rises to three stories. The front is arranged around a central block of five bays; the three middle bays form the main entrance and are flanked by substantial three‑quarter height columns. Above these, a strong entablature runs across, leading up to a parapet. In the center of it is a curved parapet cresting over the central bays, inside which is a large, decorative symbol bearing the B&amp;O logo. Inside, the station has a grand central lobby. The interior finishes are elegant: marble floors, tall classical columns, and large windows that allow natural light to flood the space. The ticketing and baggage offices occupy one wing, while the other wing was used for related railroad administrative functions and passenger facilities.&#13;
The Willard Hotel, built immediately adjacent and slightly east of the station (finished in 1912), complements the station architecturally but with certain distinct stylistic features. It’s a 6-story building in a Second Empire manner mixed with Beaux‑Arts detailing. The hotel has a mansard roof with dormer windows, and its façade uses red brick combined with stone (or cut stone) trim, including quoins and corbeled brickwork. The hotel has large public rooms such as a ballroom, dining rooms, reading rooms, etc.</text>
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                <text>First built in the early 1910s, the B&amp;O Railroad Station in Grafton served as a major transportation hub for passengers and freight, reflecting the city's importance in the Baltimore &amp; Ohio rail network, while the adjacent Willard Hotel provided upscale accommodations and social spaces for travelers and local events, including a ballroom, restaurant, and reading rooms. The hotel and station worked together as a gateway to the city, but over time, as passenger rail travel declined in the mid-20th century, the station fell into unemployment and the hotel deteriorated, eventually closing. Today, both buildings are vacant but still stand. Preservation efforts have been proposed or partially undertaken to rehabilitate them, though full restoration has not yet been realized. Although, research has said that the station now serves as offices for a unit of CSX Transportation.</text>
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                <text>Source 1&#13;
Pls4e. (2019, June 17). B&amp;O railroad station and hotel. SAH ARCHIPEDIA. https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/WV-01-TA1&#13;
Source 2&#13;
The Willard Hotel, built in 1911 by the B&amp;O to house travelers and important railroad employees, and, to its left, the old B&amp;O terminal in Grafton, West Virginia. (n.d.). https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2015631664/#:~:text=The%20six%2Dand%2Da%2D,Grafton%20B&amp;O%20Railroading%20Heritage%20Center.&#13;
Source 3&#13;
&#13;
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/b-o-railroad-station-and-willard-hotel&#13;
Image 1, 4, 5, 6&#13;
https://img.atlasobscura.com/lcd101JHqczAkEEKRAXtLzw0iuoU_qV8I-fIyzbLSho/rt:fit/h:400/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy9hMjRl/ZWVjYy03YzhmLTRm/NzEtODAyMi05YzNj/ODVjZGFkZGIyYTc2/NzNkYTA3YjEwZTRm/ZTdfOTAwMTg5NkEt/OTRCQy00NTk4LUIz/QUMtRUU1NTIxNTFG/RTlFLmpwZWc.webp&#13;
Image 2 - 3&#13;
https://sah-archipedia.org/sites/default/files/pictures/full/WV-01-TA1-002.jpg&#13;
Image 7&#13;
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/ticket-counter-marion-oh-train-depo-usa-321693167.jpg</text>
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                <text>This structure is unorthodox in its shape. Viewed from its top-down, it is made up of two “L” shapes that are situated opposite one another and forming a square in between them. This stands importantly as it queues us to the fact that the roof integrates the building into a grander geographical context. It brings us to a conceptual understanding of the library being a part of the desert itself, instead of being a structure placed in the desert. This becomes more articulated and evident as the visitor approaches the entrance. It comes in at 21,202 square feet and houses several different rooms and levels including, a 120,000-volume library collection, as well as a coffee bar and a number of bookstore elements. There’s seemingly a multitude of entrances and exits for the structure, highlighted by a huge opening where visitors can head in several different directions with the courtyard created in that square opening formed by the L’s. You enter along the parking lot which appears as this shaded grove that is defined as this slot of space, located between these steel-clad facades. Again these facades become an ode to the structures regional backdrop. We see this in materiality and the colors used with them. The irregular slanted construction mixed with this dirt or wood color helps out with the structure's goals of becoming one with its mountain and terrain area. Ultimately, the structure leads toward the inside of the structure, which is designed in a way where one enters into the cavernous interior, highlighted by visual continuity and program areas broken up by folds in the walls, varied ceiling heights, and internal clerestories that display similar to crevasses of glass, once again connecting the building and the outside. As you make your way to the main room, it is a hollow, cave-like, and elongated reading space and lounge with tilted walls, wrapped in that light brown colored wood paneling and illuminated with these large, adjustable hanging lamps. In addition to this, the visitor can get a full view of the Sonoran desert in this space. With this, light and shadow seem to move similarly here to standard structures. Obviously, the central courtyard would be received differently from the rest of the structure. Outside of this, it appears light and shadow move normally. &#13;
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&#13;
is where I got all my images from, haven't gone over how to cite these sources yet</text>
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&#13;
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&#13;
Image 2: Creative  Commons&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>A three story stage with a Greco-Roman classical facade, originally adorned with statues and other regalia, sits in front of a semi-circle of steppes that serve as its audience, the cavea. The theater seems to sink into the ground, leading all attention to the stage in front. While the whole building was at one point covered in a roof made out of Cedar from the Levant, it now serves as an open air venue. The purpose same as it is today, music,festivities, and poetry recitals. After restoration in the 1950s it has become a popular place for concerts, shows, and other live events. It is a testament to ancient understanding of the needs of the population, that being a desire for public spaces.</text>
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                <text>Moanna Dixson</text>
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                <text>May 13, 1890 - Cornerstone cemented, construction begins</text>
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                <text>1894 - Two artist studios added.</text>
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                <text>1897 - Second round of additions made (Studio towers)</text>
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                <text>1908 - First marquee added to front.</text>
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                <text>1947 - Renovations and improvements approved by acting president Robert Simon Jr.</text>
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                <text>1966 - Main auditorium’s center aisle removed, seats replaced, stage extended, and new floors installed.</text>
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                <text>1983 - Full interior renovation begins (includes the removal of storefronts).</text>
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                <text>1986 - Renovation completed.</text>
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                <text>January 1987 - Weill Recital Hall opens.</text>
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                <text>Architect - William Burnet Tuthill</text>
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                <text>Image 1 - Carnegie Hall - Full (48155558466).jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Carnegie_Hall_-_Full_%2848155558466%29.jpg)</text>
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                <text>Issac Stern Auditorium - Seats 2790, Stage 42 ft deep. </text>
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                <text>https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/Building-Overview/Stern-Auditorium-Perelman-Stage</text>
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                <text>Terracotta ornaments line the sides with friezes placed above the fourth floor. Arched windows can be seen on the building’s facade. Stained glass and massive steps once adorned its exterior. Carnegie Hall is a building located in the heart of New York City.  Constructed at the end of the 19th century, the structure takes a neo-Renaissance style. The original building was made from reddish-brown brick and thick concrete walls utilizing the Guastavino process. Despite its builder, steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, little to no steel was present during its 1890 consturction. This allowed for resonating acoustics, enhancing the building’s use as a music venue. More than a place to listen to music, it was created to make music into art.&#13;
&#13;
Carnegie Hall’s interior is separated into three music halls and an education wing. The Judith and Burton Resnick Education Wing is the newest addition, constructed in 2011 during the Studio Tower renovation project, though the Rose Museum located within was built twenty years prior. Resnick Education Wing, taking an L-shaped form, is one of the few areas where Carnegie steel is utilized, paying homage to the hall’s builder. The structure serves as a teaching space for artists and is open to the general public, facilitating the development of music within surrounding communities.&#13;
&#13;
The oldest of the structures is the Issac Stern Hall, built by amateur architect William Tuthill. The hall is known for its world-class acoustics. When constructing it, Tuthill chose to make Stern Hall as simple as possible. The heavy curtains, extravagant chandeliers, and detailed frescoes, which are &#13;
present in other venues, are not present in Stern Hall. Instead, the curvilinear walls are smooth, the roof is domed, and the stage slightly protrudes out. The elements within Stern Hall are simple but amplify each note played. &#13;
&#13;
Carnegie Hall as a whole is a gem of the music world, with Pyotr Illych Tchaikovsky, George Gershwin, Billie Holiday, etc. taking the stage while also being open for public education. Music travels through the halls because of the intentional simplicity ingrained in the original structure, and the education of said music travels through the wings as an extension of the said structure.</text>
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